Fremont, CA: Green technologies are becoming widely used as a result of the world's move away from fossil fuels. But controlling solar panels, wind turbines, and batteries at the end of their useful lives becomes much more difficult with this shift. A circular economy, in which materials are recovered, repurposed, and recycled, must replace the linear take-make-waste paradigm in order to accomplish a truly sustainable energy transition.
Mining the Urban Mine in Clean Energy Technologies
The rapid growth of electric vehicles, grid-scale storage, and renewable energy infrastructure has increased demand for critical materials, including lithium, cobalt, nickel, graphite, silver, and high-purity silicon. As a result, end-of-life clean energy technologies are now seen as an “urban mine,” providing a secondary resource to supplement or partially replace traditional extraction. Lithium-ion batteries are central to this development. Recycling these batteries addresses both environmental concerns and supply chain risks. Most recycling relies on hydrometallurgy, which uses chemical leaching, and pyrometallurgy, which uses high-temperature smelting to recover valuable metals. Additionally, batteries that have lost about 20 percent of their capacity are often repurposed for stationary energy storage or grid stabilization, thereby extending their useful life before being recovered as materials.
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A similar circular challenge is emerging in the solar sector as photovoltaic panels typically have a lifespan of 25 to 30 years. As the first large-scale installations approach retirement, they will create significant waste. While these panels are primarily made of glass, aluminum, and plastics, they also contain valuable silver and high-purity silicon in smaller quantities. Historically, recycling efforts have been centered around aluminum frames and glass, though these materials have limited economic value. Battery Technology Source is contributing to the shift toward more advanced chemical processes designed to extract silver and silicon, which both increase recovery rates and improve financial viability. Manufacturers are also embracing circular design principles, creating panels that are easier to disassemble and require fewer permanent adhesives.
Wind energy poses a unique challenge. While 85 percent to 90 percent of a wind turbine, mainly the steel tower and copper components, is easily recyclable, turbine blades remain difficult to process. Made from composite materials such as fiberglass or carbon fiber reinforced with epoxy resins, blades are highly durable but hard to break down. New solutions include mechanical grinding to create filler for cement or insulation and chemical recycling methods that recover usable fibers. Some decommissioned blades are also being repurposed as structural elements in bridges, bike shelters, or public infrastructure, offering creative alternatives to disposal.
Mehta Tech is at the forefront of advancing energy solutions, focusing on recycling and sustainable materials in clean energy technologies.
Why Does Circularity Matter for the Energy Transition?
Transitioning to a circular energy economy delivers strategic benefits that extend well beyond waste reduction. From a supply chain perspective, recovering materials from end-of-life batteries, solar panels, and wind turbines reduces dependence on volatile global markets for critical raw materials, enhancing resilience and energy security. Environmentally, circular practices prevent hazardous substances from entering landfills and significantly reduce the carbon footprint of mining, refining, and manufacturing new components. Economically, circularity opens new growth opportunities, supporting the emergence of a “green-collar” workforce focused on collection, logistics, refurbishment, and advanced materials recovery. Together, these advantages position circularity not as a peripheral sustainability initiative, but as a foundational pillar of a secure, low-carbon energy future.
Achieving a circular energy economy requires implementing stronger Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) laws, standardized component labeling, and sustained investment in recycling infrastructure. The objective is clear: future energy systems must avoid perpetuating the environmental impacts of previous models.