"Smart" vehicle-to-grid charging allows dynamic EV charging and load-shifting grid services.
FREMONT, CA: The energy shift will demand rapid deployment of renewable energy (RE) and electric vehicles (EVs) where other transit modes are unavailable. Short-term grid services from EV batteries could support RE generation. Estimating market opportunity needs knowing numerous socio-technical aspects and limits. An integrated model combining future EV battery deployment, battery deterioration, and market participation estimates global EV battery capacity for grid storage. Global short-term grid storage needs require 12 percent–43 percent participation rates. If half of end-of-vehicle-life EV batteries are utilized as stationary storage, participation drops below 10 percent. Most locations could meet short-term grid storage demand by 2030.
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Low-carbon energy transitions require electrification and rapid RE deployment. They handle air pollution and other environmental challenges. Wind and solar variability and rising electrification may threaten grid stability and supply. Energy storage, firm electricity generators (like nuclear or geothermal generators), long-distance electricity transmission, over-building RE (resulting in curtailment in periods of lower demand), and power-to-gas can address these concerns. Demand-side management shifts peak demand. Battery storage can increase grid performance due to rapid cost declines. Batteries have driven EV cost reductions. Light-duty transport batteries could get leveraged for short-term electrical grid storage. Consumer engagement in vehicle-to-grid and second-use market utilization of retired batteries affect grid storage capacity.
Vehicle-to-grid or post-EoL techniques can utilize EV batteries (when they are removed and used separately from the chassis in stationary storage). EVs can store and return electricity to the grid at peak times. Standards and market arrangements that allow dynamic energy pricing and owner gain from grid value enable these prospects. Deferred or prevented capital spending on stationary storage, power electronic equipment, transmission build-out, and more can benefit the grid. EVs can't use batteries with 70-80 percent capacity. Old batteries at vehicle EoL may still have years of usable life in less demanding stationary energy storage applications and provide significant value to the grid.
EV batteries could increase supply flexibility while cutting capital costs and material-related emissions from storage and power-electronic infrastructure. Business models, consumer driving and charging behavior, battery deterioration, and other socioeconomic and technical factors affect EV battery grid storage capacity. Vehicle-to-grid capacity and retired battery capacity global studies are informative. They rarely consider several essential factors that determine storage opportunity, such as non-linear, empirically-based battery degradation, and ignore battery chemistry altogether, geographical or temporal temperature variance (which impacts battery degradation), and driving intensity by vehicle type in different countries or regions (which constrains the total capacity available during the day).